1. Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced .
2. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than exists in the public mind today.
3. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds on which to base his argument in favor of the new theory.
4. Nobody can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.
5. How many of us Attending , say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?
6. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe in that it provides he building blocs from which the other elements are produced.
7. We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style rather than in a personal one.
8. As is generally accepted, economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production.
9. It is believed that today's pop music can serve as a creative force by stimulating the thinking of its listeners.
10. Just as the soil is a part of the earth, so is the atmosphere.
Section B:
ll . The conveniences that Americans desire reflect not so much a leisurely lifestyle as a busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time are too valuable to be wasted.
12. In debating one must connect the opponent's facts, deny the relevance of his proof, or deny that what he presents as proof, if relevant, is sufficient.
13 . We are not conscious of the extent to which provides the psychological satisfaction that can make the difference between a full and an empty life.
14. The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel, that man being Prince Henry the navigator, who lived in the 15th century.
15 . Accounts of scientific experiments are generally correct for those writing about science are careful in checking the accuracy of their reports.
16. Whenever we hear of a natural disaster, even in a distant part of the world, we feel sympathy for the people to have affected.
17 . It is perhaps not an exaggeration to say that we shall soon be trusting our health, wealth and happiness to elements with whose very names the general public are unfamiliar.
18. The speaker claimed that no other modern nation devotes so small a portion of its wealth to public assistance as health than the United States does.
19 . There are those who consider it questionable that these defence linked research projects will account for an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, to do much protect our diminishing resources.
20. If individuals are awakend each time they begin a dream phase of sleep, they are likely to become irritable even though their total amount of sleep has been sufficient.
Section C:
21. In that country, guests tend to feel they are not highly regarded if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date.
22. A sketch of the long report by the budget committed was submitted to the mayor for approval.
23. A man has to make provision for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when old.
24. The newly-built Science Building seems substantial enough to last a hundred years.
25. It is well known that the retired workers in our country are entitled to free medical care.
26. The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at stake.
27. I felt bored to death because I could make nothing of the chairman's speech.
28. When the engine would not start, the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at fault.
29. Your advice would be exceedingly valuable to him, who is at present at his wit's end.
30. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to answer for the consequences.
31. The river is already flush with its bans because of excessive rainfall; and the city is threatened with a likely flood.
32. People anticipated that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers, as do the airliners of today.
33. In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or adapted for language learning purposes, there is yet no comprehensive systematic programmed for the reading skills.
34. The mother said she would let off her son washing the dished If he could finish his assignment before supper.
35. We should always keep in mind that hasty decisions often lead to bitter regrets.
36. John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages missing in the dictionary.
37. In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women pursuing this field is climbing.
38. The supervisor didn't have time so far to go into it at length, but he gave us an idea about his plan.
39. Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest prospect of being met.
40. It's usually the case that people seldom behave in a rational way when in a furious state.
Part Two:
Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. Nether kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is assumed to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more mysterious. The new experiments, such as these described for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations for the purpose of non-REM sleep.
For example, it has long been known that total sleep deprivation is 1OO percent fatal to rats, yet, upon examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now cast light on the mystery of why the animals die. The rats develop bacterial infections of the blood, as if their immune systems--the self-protecting mechanism against disease--had crashed.
Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension
Passage l
Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distributions of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.
And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.
Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of. There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade. If its message were confined merely to information-and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive----advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.
51 . By the first sentence of the passage the author means that it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising
52. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising? Securing greater fame.
53 . The author deems that the well-known TV personality is obviously partial in his views on advertising
54. In the author's opinton, there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer
Passage 2
There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.
By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courge, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.
In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may "fail” at first. How we see our-selves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we're slow to adapt to change or that we' re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.
These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.
55 . A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth then he has given up his smoking habit
56. In the author' s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would face difficulties and take up challenges
57. When the author says "a new way of being" (line 3, para. 3) he is referring to a new approach to experiencing the world
58. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following except avoidance of intemal fears and doubts
Passage 3
In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life' s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.
In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.
Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.
Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the parttcipants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.
In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance.
Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. "Knowledge is power" may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.
59. The word "it" (line 3, para. 2) most probably refers to the breakdown of informal information channels
60. The main problem people may encounter today arises form the fact that they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily
61 . From the passage we can infer that electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages
62. We can learn from the last paragraph that it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficiently
Passage 4
Personality is to a large extent inherent--A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.
One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the 'win at all costs' moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive Atypes seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides , the first marathon runner , dropped dead seconds after saying: ' Rejoice, we conquer! '
By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.
Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A-youngsters change into B' s. The world needs A types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child' s personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.
If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. B's are important and should be encouraged.
63 . According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually aggressive
64. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schoois because some students are bound to fail
65 . The selection of medical professionals are currently based on academic achievements
66. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that the development of one' s personality is due to multiple factors
Passage 5
That experiences influence subsequent behavior is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behavior demands memory , remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.
Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be intffpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one's memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.
In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behavior that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by or-dinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.
Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.
67. From the evolutionary point of view, sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences
68. According to the passage, if a person never forgot, he would have a lot of trouble
69. From the last paragraph we know that forgetfulness is a response to learning
70. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of forgetting
Part Ⅳ English-Chinese Translation
The standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests; critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.
All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.
Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned , the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. Whether to use tests. Other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
